doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.000885
(Circulation. 2006;114:I-33 – I-36.)
© 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.
Cardiac Transplantation and Surgery for Congestive Heart Failure |
Low-Dose Dobutamine Tissue-Tagged Magnetic Resonance Imaging With 3-Dimensional Strain Analysis Allows Assessment of Myocardial Viability in Patients With Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
From the Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine and Surgery (D.B., J.R.W., B.P.C., M.D.K., A.H., N.M., M.K.P.), Washington University, St. Louis, Mo; Division of Cardiology/Department of Medicine (J.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
Correspondence to Michael K. Pasque, MD, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Suite 3108 Queeny Tower, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, One Barnes-Jewish Hospital Plaza, St. Louis, MO 63110. E-mail pasquem{at}wustl.edu
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Abstract |
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Background— Tissue-tagged magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with 3-dimensional (3D) myocardial strain analysis allows quantitative assessment of myocardial contractility. We assessed the hypothesis that 3D strain determination at rest and with low-dose dobutamine would discriminate between viable and nonviable myocardium in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM).
Methods and Results— MRI with radiofrequency tissue-tagging at rest and with low-dose dobutamine was performed in 16 normal volunteers and 14 patients with ICM. Three-dimensional global and regional circumferential strains (Ecc) were computed for all subjects at rest and with dobutamine. Results were compared with clinically indicated conventional viability studies. Compared with normal volunteers, global left ventricular Ecc was significantly decreased in patients with ICM at rest (–0.15±0.06 versus –0.27±0.03; P<0.001) and with dobutamine (–0.17±0.08 versus –0.37±0.10; P<0.001). Ecc was significantly decreased in nonviable regions compared with viable segments at rest (–0.08±0.06 versus –0.17±0.10; P<0.001) and with dobutamine (–0.07±0.06 versus –0.21±0.11; P<0.001). Ecc in viable segments increased significantly in response to dobutamine (P=0.04), whereas Ecc did not change in nonviable segments (P=0.50). Normal controls (96 segments) had increased Ecc at rest (–0.27±0.07) and with dobutamine (–0.37±0.15) compared with both viable and nonviable regions in ICM patients (P<0.001).
Conclusions— Noninvasive dobutamine tissue-tagged MRI with calculation of 3D strain allows the identification, quantification and display of regionally varying ventricular function. The response of systolic strain to low-dose dobutamine has significant promise in discriminating between viable and nonviable myocardium.
Key Words: computers • coronary disease • magnetic resonance imaging • myocardial contraction • revascularization
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Introduction |
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Patients with severe ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) have high rates of adverse events associated with revascularization procedures. Reported perioperative mortality rates from coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in this patient subset range from 5% to >30%.1 Furthermore, revascularization of nonviable myocardium has not proven to be beneficial in terms of either mortality benefit2 or global left ventricular (LV) functional improvement.3 In contrast, revascularization of viable myocardium is believed to be beneficial in multiple regards. Observational data have suggested increased ejection fraction,1,3 decreased congestive heart failure symptoms,1 and improved survival2 in patients with viability who underwent revascularization over those treated medically. Patients with viability who did not undergo revascularization had annual mortality rates greater than double the rates of patients without viability, regardless of treatment.2
The associated increased risk of revascularization procedures combined with the lack of benefit of revascularizing nonviable segments emphasizes the importance of accurate determination of viability in patients with ICM who are considered for revascularization procedures. Presently used tests for viability are helpful in this assessment. However, many of the testing methods used today are highly dependent on the assessment by the observer, while also having a high degree of interobserver variability. Furthermore, most methods provide an assessment that is nonquantitative and lacks accurate regional and transmural characterization of viability. In contrast, 3-dimensional (3D) LV strain can be semi-automatically and objectively quantified using computer analysis of patient-specific, tissue-tagged MRI-derived displacement data. We hypothesized that this MRI strain analysis at rest and with low-dose dobutamine could discriminate between viable and nonviable myocardium in patients with ICM.
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Methods |
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Patient Characteristics
Patients with ICM being considered for CABG were screened for enrollment. Fourteen patients (age 61±10 years) with coronary artery disease, defined as at least 1 vessel with >70% stenosis and at least 1 nonviable myocardial segment by conventional clinical assessment were enrolled. The average ejection fraction of ICM patients was 27±9%. Patients with significant valvular abnormalities were excluded. A group of 16 healthy volunteers (age 29±8 years) were enrolled as controls. The study was approved by the Human Studies Committee at Washington University, St. Louis, Mo, and all subjects gave written consent. The authors had full access to the data and take full responsibility for their integrity. All authors have read and agree to the manuscript as written.
A clinical reviewer (J.R.) blinded to the MRI strain data assessed individual segments as viable or nonviable based on extensive review of all available data, including nuclear viability imaging, echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization information. All segments classified as nonviable had at least single photon emission computed tomography or position emission tomography nonviability and hypokinesis/akinesis by echocardiography or ventriculography.
Imaging Protocol
Imaging was performed in a 1.5-Tesla MR scanner (Magnetom Vision; Siemens Medical Systems, Iselin, NJ) at rest and with dobutamine (10 µg/kg per minute) infusion. A full description of our imaging protocol has been previously published.4,5 Briefly, a set of parallel short-axis images were obtained at 8-mm intervals. An additional set of long axis images oriented radially and intersecting the centroid of the ventricle were also obtained. For each selected imaging plane, a single-slice MR-tagged image was collected with a sequence consisting of a SPAMM (spatial modulation of magnetization) radiofrequency tissue-tagging preparation followed by a 2-dimensional FLASH (fast low flip angle shot) cine image acquisition. Image acquisition was synchronized with real-time ECG at the time of the MRI scanning.
Image Analysis
Five midventricular short-axis image sets and 4 radially oriented long-axis image sets were used in this analysis. Analysis of the MR images was performed using custom software developed in our laboratory. Endocardial and epicardial boundaries were manually identified on each of the short-axis and long-axis image sets. An initial spline representation of the tag lines on the end-diastolic images was constructed based on the spacing between adjacent tag lines. Tag lines were located on successive images using a computer-based, automated algorithm that adjusts an initial guess for each tag line based on the local pixel density function.6 Figure 1 provides an example of the tag lines from short-axis images at end-systole. The tag lines are also located on the long axis images, as seen in Figure 2. Spline curves from corresponding tag lines were used to construct a spline surface representation of the tag surfaces. The 3D systolic displacements were computed along the intersection curves of individual short-axis and long-axis tag surfaces using a previously described and validated method.4 Analysis of the displacement data was performed in the finite element software package StressCheck (ESRD Inc, St. Louis, Mo). A finite element mesh of a 3D mid-ventricular slab of the LV was constructed as follows: endocardial and epicardial contours from each of the short-axis images at end-diastole were used to construct a spline surface representation of the endocardial and epicardial surfaces. A mesh for each model was manually created consisting of 6 hexahedral elements corresponding to the anteroseptal, anterior, anterolateral, posterolateral, posterior, and posteroseptal walls. Predicted displacements at any point within the domain of the model were obtained from a least-squares fitting of the measured displacement data using finite element basis functions. Average regional values of circumferential strain were computed from the results of this fitting using the Almansi strain tensor.7 The results for strain can then be displayed in a 3D color contour map of the finite element model of the ventricle, as demonstrated in Figure 3.
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Statistical Analysis
Comparisons between the same ventricular regions at rest and during dobutamine infusion were performed using a paired Student t test. All other comparisons were completed using unpaired Student t tests. In all cases, a value of P<0.05 was considered significant. Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves were generated with and without dobutamine administration in both viable and nonviable segments by the SPSS statistical package (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill).
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Results |
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Average values of circumferential strain (Ecc) were computed for each of the 6 LV regions at rest and during dobutamine infusion; a global value was obtained by averaging these 6 values. The global values for Ecc at rest showed significantly increased contraction (more negative strain values) in the healthy volunteers compared with the ICM patients (–0.27±0.03 versus –0.15±0.06; P<0.001). The global strain values with dobutamine administration likewise showed a significant difference in contraction in the control over the ICM patients (–0.37±0.10 versus –0.17±0.08, P<0.001). The administration of dobutamine caused a significant change in strain in the control subjects (P<0.001); however, no significant change occurred in the ICM group (P=0.33).
For our analysis of regional strain, the 14 ICM patients each had 6 segments assessed for a product of 84 segments included. Blinded clinical review classified 21 (25%) of these segments as nonviable and 63 (75%) as viable. At rest, average Ecc in the nonviable segments was –0.08±0.06, whereas in the viable segments the average Ecc was –0.17±0.08, which was a significant difference (P<0.001). Within the group of viable segments, 38 (60%) of the segments had normal (within 2 standard deviations of control) resting strain values, and 25 (40%) had reduced strain values. With dobutamine, the average Ecc values from nonviable and viable segments maintained significant separation (–0.07±0.06 versus –0.21±0.11; P<0.001). Ecc in viable segments improved significantly in response to dobutamine (P=0.04), whereas Ecc did not change in nonviable segments (P=0.50). The improvement in strain with dobutamine in the viable segments was similar (P=0.84) between patients with normal and reduced resting strain values.
The results were used to generate ROC curves to determine the accuracy of both resting strain and dobutamine strain in differentiating viable and nonviable segments. The resultant ROC curve for resting strain had an area under the curve of 0.771. A resting Ecc value >–0.095 predicted nonviability with 71% sensitivity and 73% specificity. The ROC curve for strains obtained during dobutamine infusion improved on these results, with an area under the curve of 0.895. Using a cutoff of –0.115, dobutamine strain values correlated with conventional viability assessments with 91% sensitivity and 78% specificity.
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Discussion |
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The clinical management of patients with ICM can be optimized by assessing the extent of viable myocardium that is present. Patients with viable tissue stand to benefit from revascularization. Patients without viability may avoid the risk of revascularization procedures, because benefit in this population is unlikely. Presently used methods to assess viability rely, at least in part, on the observer to make subjective judgments when classifying a region as viable or nonviable. In some testing modalities, the definition of viability is somewhat arbitrary. With the goal of limiting interobserver variability and improving accuracy of quantification of regional strain variability, we have developed a computer-based means in which 3D LV strain can be semi-automatically quantified using patient-specific, tissue-tagged, MRI-derived displacement data.
Our results have shown that circumferential strain values accurately differentiated normal myocardial contraction from abnormal myocardial contraction, both in global and regional assessments. This was evident in comparisons between healthy volunteers and ICM patients, in addition to comparisons between viable and nonviable segments in the ICM patients. Significant differences in strain between these groups were seen in resting images and dobutamine images. Furthermore, the change in strain in response to dobutamine also showed significant differences between groups. Viable myocardial segments displayed similar improvements in strain regardless of whether resting strain was normal or reduced.
Whereas the resting strain values were significantly different between viable and nonviable segments, the use of dobutamine in our study clearly improved the accuracy of our analysis. The addition of dobutamine improved the test’s sensitivity from 71% to 91% and the specificity from 73% to 78%. Our results compare favorably to published results of other noninvasive viability techniques. A large meta-analysis reported sensitivities of 81%, 81% to 86%, and 93%, and specificities of 80%, 59% to 66%, and 58% for dobutamine echocardiography, single photon emission computed tomography, and positron emission tomography, respectively.8
Limitations
Our study used a blinded conventional viability assessment as our standard for comparison, which provided the best available surrogate for what is used in the real-world clinical setting. Long-term follow-up of the ventricles’ response to revascularization will provide the best assessment of MRI-derived strain’s accuracy and will allow improved comparison to presently used viability studies. In this study, the strain analysis was conducted of only the mid-ventricular region, thus obviously not providing any information on the clinically important LV apex. This region was chosen for this proof-of-concept study to validate accuracy in determining myocardial viability because it is the most accurately imaged and mathematically modeled region of the left ventricle. Because our MRI capabilities have continued to improve, accuracy in the mobile geometrically variable base and apex regions has also improved and will soon allow inclusion of full LV data in our analysis.
Conclusions
This study demonstrated a technique in which 3D LV strain comparisons were made from clinically acquired MRI radiofrequency tissue-tagged images using a semi-automated, computer-based algorithm. This analysis of resting strain, dobutamine strain, and dobutamine strain response differentiated viable and nonviable myocardium. Although there are still limitations in this methodology, this study represents one more step in our laboratory’s ambitious goal to profoundly impact the accuracy of clinically applicable regional strain analysis such that the mathematical quantification of myocardial function moves to an unprecedented level. Our goal is ultimately to reduce the influence of subjective observer variability by the extensive implementation of computerized analysis.
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Acknowledgments |
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Sources of Funding
This work was supported by NIH Grant RO1 HL069967.
Disclosures
None.
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Footnotes |
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Presented at the American Heart Association Scientific Sessions, Dallas, Tex, November 13–16, 2005.
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References |
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